How central is Mercutio to the readers enjoyment of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

How focal is Mercutio to the perusers satisfaction in Romeo and Juliet?â Essay Romeo and Juliet is an awful story of a couple of bound sweethearts who originate from contradicting families. Because of the progressing fight between their kinfolk, they are compelled to wed covertly and from here; one of the most critical love of accounts ever unfurls. Its immortal story has sprung various understandings, both in the theater and on the cinema. Nonetheless, everything being equal and plays that have been made, Baz Luhrmans adaptation is by a long shot the best. He has modernized Shakespeares perfect work of art to suit the cutting edge crowd, and where as in many film forms the genuine pith of the story is lost, Luhrman figures out how to keep Romeo and Juliet just as charming as it was when Shakespeare initially put pen to paper. When perusing the content of Romeo and Juliet, there is a lot to appreciate, the epic story of adoration, the delightful language and the arresting activity scenes. In the film, a portion of the language is lost, in any case, in its place comes some amazing weapon battles and numerous hilarious appearances, seeing Mercutio in drag being something that numerous watchers recall subsequent to having watched the film, and in light of current circumstances, it is a really interesting second. In spite of the fact that a portion of the imaginative language is lost during the interpretation to film, the topic of sentiment stays steady all through. If one somehow happened to examine both the play and the film altogether they would more likely than not make a note of the way that one character is basic to building up all subjects, regardless of whether they be normal between the play and the film or special to every introduction. That character is Mercutio. We will compose a custom paper test on How focal is Mercutio to the perusers delight in Romeo and Juliet?â explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on How focal is Mercutio to the perusers satisfaction in Romeo and Juliet?â explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on How focal is Mercutio to the perusers satisfaction in Romeo and Juliet?â explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer When Mercutio first enters the play he is with the Montagues when they are about enter the Capulets party, he instantly affects Romeo by endeavoring cheer him up by helping him disregard Rosaline. Mercutios character likewise gets clear in his first scene in the play. Right off the bat, plainly Mercutio is threatening towards adoration. At the point when Romeo will not move, Mercutio ridicules him, advising him to, get cupids wings. Romeo excuses this comment and says that affection is, excessively harsh, and that it pricks like thistle. Mercutio answers by saying, if love be harsh with you be unpleasant with adoration. This is an extremely abnormal remark to connect with something as delicate as adoration and shows that Mercutio has some negative emotions towards affection, however what they are and what the reason is, we will never know. This topic of scorn of affection is obvious all through Mercutios time in the play. Shakespeare likewise utilizes measured rhyming to show the profound fellowship among Mercutio and Romeo. This is finished by making them finish every others Iambic Pentameter. For example, on line 50-51, Romeos discourse has six beats and Mercutio closes it with four beats. At last, Shakespeare flaunts Mercutios insight as the Queen Mab discourse. There are right now no records of an anecdotal dream pixie called Queen Mab thus we can expect that it is an illusion of Mercutios creative mind. His brilliantly nitty gritty portrayal is stunning considering the speed at which he has thinks of it. He by and large uses upscale language with illustrations having an enormous impact in his portrayal of Queen Mab. She is the pixies birthing specialist. This by and by shows Mercutios insight. When introduced in front of an audience during the fifteenth to sixteenth century this kind of canny language would have a solid intrigue to the privileged societies. This isn't the main time that Mercutio utilizes his language to feature his insight. In Shakespearean occasions, utilizing unknown dialect is an extraordinary indication of insight and Mercutio does this by utilizing French words, for example, Bonjour. Mercutio likewise shows his adoration for being the focal poi nt of consideration. In the content, this is for the most part appeared by giving Mercutio the vast majority of the discourse at whatever point is in a scene. For example in Act 1 Scene 4 he takes up in excess of a page with his Queen Mab Speech alone. Notwithstanding, while introducing this equivalent scene, Baz Luhrman chooses to utilize Mercutios appearance and activities to show what his language does in the content. The primary thing that strikes the watcher about Mercutio is that he is dark. This may appear glaringly evident yet customarily, individuals of color don't show up in any of Shakespeares plays. This was basically the situation during the fifteenth to sixteenth century, in any case, even in present day times an individual of color featuring in a translation of Shakespeares plays is exceptionally phenomenal. This makes Mercutio the focal point of consideration from the moment that he is presented thus it has a comparable impact to that of his control of text. Another striking component of Mercutios introduction is that he is in drag. This is an extremely striking and exceptional approach to present a character and by and by joins in with Mercutios love of being the focal point of consideration. Shockingly, the magnificent Queen Mab discourse to some degree loses its capacity and bid in the progress to the cinema. Where as the content puts the discourse down to Mercutios bizarre yet keen cleverness, the film demonstrates it to be an aftereffect of medications. I accept this is a bogus understanding, be that as it may, it contributes intensely to another piece of Mercutios character. His capacity to help the temperament and be clever. His discourse makes everybody around him, including Romeo, snicker and unwind and this is essential to the watchers pleasure in the film. After entering the gathering, Mercutio gives no indication of easing back up thus he starts moving in drag. Indeed he is the focal point of consideration yet his diverting move is entirely agreeable and engaging and is positively imperative to the crowds pleasure in the film. Mercutio likewise carries amusingness to both Baz Luhrmans and Shakespeares forms yet make inconsiderate, explicitly orientated jokes, for example, gracious that she were an open arse; thou a poperin-pear. In the event that these jokes were to be introduced during Shakespearean occasions, at that point they would absolutely speak to the lower classes. Be that as it may, Mercutio isn't the main character to make inconsiderate jokes. The medical caretaker additionally makes the intermittent joke. For example, thou shrivel fall in reverse when thou comst old enough. These rough jokes may not be as clear as Mercutios however they would absolutely give the crowd a couple of chuckles. Indeed this will speak to the lower class crowd of Shakespearean occasions just as the more youthful crowd of today. Luhrman likewise decides to make Lady Capulets activities funny by accelerating her development and making her demonstration insane. Shakespeare even makes the doing combating hirelings toward the beginning of the play make impolite jokes in order to engage the groundlings. I am a pretty bit of tissue. Likewise the way that the hirelings are battling requests to the groundlings while the passage of Benvolio and Tybalt, both of whom are of a higher status, draws in a privileged crowd. Up until this point, I have examined how Mercutios exceptional character interests the watcher, and furthermore, how different things may have a comparable impact. Be that as it may, I am yet to talk about a piece of the story that is totally fundamental to the crowds happiness. An angle that would leave the story level and exhausting were it to be expelled. This is the astounding battling scenes. Mercutio is an extremely fiery individual who wants to mix and who might readily battle to protect the respect of his companions, and this is the thing that he does. In Act 3 Scene 1, Tybalt looks for Romeo for retaliation in the wake of having detected his interruption of the Capulet party. Before the battle (Act 2 Scene 4), we see Benvolio and Mercutio examining Tybalt and when Mercutio is gotten some information about Tybalt he marks him the Prince of Cats. Despite the fact that this may some to be nothing, it enables Mercutio to utilize some exceptionally smart language when he faces Ty balt later. The scene stays unaltered in the film. In Act 3 Scene 1 we see Mercutio and Benvolio are talking when Tybalt shows up looking for Romeo. Tybalt attempts to talk with Mercutio however he consistently makes jokes. This is extremely intriguing that even despite enemy; Mercutio can stay loose and comical. In the end, Romeo shows up. Tybalt challenges Romeo yet Romeo throws in the towel, saying that he cherishes the name Capulet as truly as his own thus he ought to be fulfilled. Mercutio is offended by Romeos activities, O quiet, contemptible, disreputable accommodation! Mercutio then continues to flaunt his insight by utilizing Italian fencing language, Alla stoccata, to name Tybalt. Mercutio then difficulties Tybalt to a battle. Now Romeo attempts to mediate, however he can't stop Mercutio getting injured. Benvolio then inquires as to whether he is harmed and he answers, a scratch a scratch. This is noteworthy. A man on his demise bed is as yet ready to make insightful jokes. For this situation, the scratch is identifying with the name of Prince of Cats that was given to Tybalt beforehand by Mercutio himself. Mercutio then proceeds to discuss how he is going to kick the bucket, Ask for me tomorrow and you will discover me a grave man. In any case, he never evades his clever utilization of language and this recommends he has a great deal of pride. Mercutios last words then prophesise the catastrophe that is going to happen for the two family units. A plague on both your homes. This passing scene is potentially the best in the whole story. It has everything, activity, disaster and amusingness. These angles are expected to Mercutio. Had he not battled Tybalt, there would have been no activity, had he not been executed, there would have been no disaster, and above all, had he not been available

Bayou Meto Free Essays

Chris Bryan Professor Swain English 1013 8 October 2012 Bayou Meto Wildlife Management Area Bayou Meto is one of the most extraordinary places in Southeast Arkansas since it offers trackers and angler an incredible spot to chase and fish. Sound Meto, also called the â€Å"Scatters†, is situated in Arkansas and Jefferson districts. The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission bought it in the 1930’s and individuals hold returning quite a long time after year. We will compose a custom article test on Straight Meto or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Inlet Meto has different passageways to start a chasing or angling trip. Inlet Meto WMA can be reached off U. S. parkways 79, 165, 152, 88 and 276. Access to a large portion of the region is by stroll in and vessel as it were. A couple of areas to start a chase would be: Long Pond, Long Bell, Buckingham Flats, Cannon Brake, Temple Island, and Beaver Dam Slough. Angling areas would incorporate Cox Cypress, Wrape Plantation, and Halowell Reservoir. Inlet Meto is chiefly known for duck chasing. Individuals from everywhere throughout the nation travel to the Scatters each year to shoot ducks in those well known woods. It is appraised by Ducks Unlimited to be one of the top spots to dodge chase on the planet. It used to be a mainstream place for guided duck chases until it was prohibited in the 1980’s. Managing was prohibited in light of the fact that it was illegal to acknowledge cash from individuals in an open chasing region. As far as possible every day is three mallards and two wood ducks. Sound Meto is one of the biggest state-claimed untamed life the board territories in the country, enveloping 33,832 sections of land in Arkansas and Jefferson districts. Narrows Meto is loaded with marchs and springs that flood the timber that the ducks use for benefiting from oak seeds. The water level of Bayou Meto all relies upon the measure of downpour it gets. In the event that it is a dry year there won't be sufficient water to dodge chase. Trackers regularly get baffled when this occurs. Around thirteen thousand sections of land are overwhelmed if the water is high during duck season. Oak trees are found all through the forested areas, and they produce an abundant measure of oak seeds, which the natural life feed on. Deer chasing is additionally well known in the Scatters. There have been many state records executed in the Scatters. The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission plants food plots every year that expands deer tusk development. Numerous trackers decide to chase over the food plots or close by ranch fields. The deer likewise feed on the oak seeds that tumble from the oak trees in the forested areas. The Eastern Wild Turkey is an exceptionally famous creature to chase also. The turkey populace is generally excellent in the Scatters. The cutoff for turkeys in the Scatters is two gobblers. The turkeys likewise feed in the food plots with deer. Little game chasing draws in a great deal of trackers moreover. Raccoon chasing is the most mainstream type of chasing. Trackers additionally prefer to chase: coyotes, catamounts, crows, hares, and squirrels. Coyotes and catamounts are a significant issue since they murder turkeys and child deer. The Scatters offers probably the best angling in Arkansas. The most famous fish to get is the Largemouth Bass. The Crappie and Bream are additionally mainstream fish to get. The Arkansas Game and Fish stocks the Wrape Plantation with fish every year to guarantee an angler will have a decent angling trip. The Scatters is an extraordinary spot to invest energy in the outside. It offers various chasing and angling openings. The Arkansas Game and Fish endeavors to make this one of the most extraordinary places in the state and in the nation. These thirty 3,000 sections of land should give the outdoorsman an extraordinary opportunity to get a fish or execute a creature. Step by step instructions to refer to Bayou Meto, Essay models

Facts About Comorbidity

Facts About Comorbidity Social Anxiety Disorder Related Conditions Print The Comorbidity of Two Disorders By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 03, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 21, 2020 Comorbidity means having more than one diagnosis. Getty / DrAfter123 More in Social Anxiety Disorder Related Conditions Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment and Therapy Coping Work and School In simple terms, comorbidity refers to the presence of more than one disorder in the same person. For example, if a person is diagnosed with both social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), they are said to have comorbid (meaning co-existing) anxiety and depressive disorders.?? Other conditions that are seen to overlap include physical ailments such as diabetes, cardiovascular illness, cancer, infectious diseases, and dementia. Mental disorders that tend to show comorbidity also include eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse. History of the Term The term comorbidity was coined in the 1970s by A.R. Feinstein, a renowned American doctor, and epidemiologist. Feinstein demonstrated comorbidity through the example of how people who suffered from rheumatic fever also usually suffered from multiple other diseases.?? Since that time, comorbidity has come to be associated with the presence of multiple mental or physical illnesses in the same person. Prevalence Its not uncommon for people to suffer from two disorders or illnesses at once. Comorbidity in mental illness can include a situation where a person receives a medical diagnosis that is followed by the diagnosis of a mental disorder (or vice versa), or it can involve the diagnosis of a mental disorder that is followed by the diagnosis of another mental disorder.?? A 2009 large cross-sectional national epidemiological study of comorbidity of mental disorders in primary care in Spain published in the Journal of Affective Disorders showed that among a sample of 7936 adult patients, about half had more than one psychiatric disorder. Furthermore, in the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey, 51 percent of patients with a diagnosis of major depression also had at least one anxiety disorder and only 26 percent of them had no other mental disorder. However, in the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study, 48.6 percent of patients with a  diagnosis of major depression also had at least one anxiety disorder and 34.8 percent of them had no other mental disorder. Challenges Overlap of medical conditions with psychiatric conditions is a significant challenge for healthcare professionals and creates additional costs for the healthcare system.?? For example, a person diagnosed with both diabetes and depression would be treated for both conditions, but consideration for overlap between medications and symptoms would need to be coordinated by the various health care professionals offering treatment. If you live with multiple conditions or disorders, it is important that your doctor is aware of all medications and over-the-counter drugs you are taking, to ensure the risk of medication interactions is reduced. Prevention Healthcare professionals also play a role in the prevention of comorbidity. For example, if social anxiety disorder is left untreated for a long period of time, a person may also develop depression and/or substance abuse in response to the anxiety symptoms.?? At a broader level, coordination between primary doctors and mental health professionals is key to preventing comorbid conditions. If youve been diagnosed with a physical and/or mental health condition, keep good records of the care that you receive from various professionals, so that each can be aware of the various treatments you are receiving.?? A Word From Verywell If you feel that you have symptoms of more than one mental disorder or those of a physical health condition in addition to a mental disorder, it is important to consult with your primary care physician or mental health professional to determine the best course of action. The unique combination of symptoms that you experience will determine whether medication and/or therapy is best for your situation.

A Brief Biography of Franklin Delano Roosevelt - 1110 Words

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The Effects of Online Media on Adolescents - 1454 Words

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The Social Effects of Industrialization Free Essays

The Industrial revolution began during the 1700s in Great Britain. This was mainly due to the large textile production during this time. The grow in textile production was because of the increase in the demand in the wool and cotton industries. We will write a custom essay sample on The Social Effects of Industrialization or any similar topic only for you Order Now New machines were made to help control these demands. But, because the new machines couldn’t fit within the homes of the people like previous times this led to the beginning of Textile mills. But as these mills became more involved and advanced the lives of the workers became harder and much less safe in the working environment. Great Britain was the ideal situation to begin the Industrial Revolution because it received raw materials from the colonies, commerce was encouraged because of political stability, and their shipping was defended and protected by the world’s most powerful navy. Due to all of this, the government supported business, agriculture, and other factors the contributed to production. Plus, during this time in history there was a substantial increase in the population of Europe as well. The first factories were powered by water mills but eventually these were replaced with steam engines that were improved by James Watt in 1763. After this improvement there were other inventions that were made as well. The cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney, removed the seeds from the cotton. The spinning jenny, invented by James Hargreaves, allowed weavers to spin the threads more quickly. Lastly, the Flying Shuttle, invented by John Kay, allowed the weavers to push thread back and forth on the six foot wide loom much faster than was previously possible. After the start of factories began, life in society changed immensely. Farmers started leaving to work for more profitable jobs in the factories and most of the time, owners would provide housing but the families were usually overcrowded in the small living areas. Pollution was crazy because there weren’t any environmental standards like there are today. Most of the factories had very few toilets and trash was left on the streets. Over time, factory jobs became known as â€Å"woman’s work†. The reason being because most factories hired women and children over men because they could pay them less for the same amount, or more, work. Children were small, so they were used to make repairs and adjustments to the machine parts as well as crawl through small tunnels to get more coal. But working conditions were poor and hazardous to the people. Many were injured or killed because of unsafe working conditions. Finally unions were made to try and help better the work environment for the employees. One of the men who helped make a huge difference during this time was Lewis Hine. Lewis Hine took pictures of the work conditions and the workers themselves to provide evidence for cases to help create laws to make things better. After a short time, with the help of Hine’s photographs they were successful in betting the working environment for the people and those laws actually still influence the work environment to this very day. So the Industrial Revolution effected many people and created many inventions for many things that help to make the base of what led to many of today’s inventions but it also led to many new laws that help to influence their time as well as still influences our time to help keep people safe. How to cite The Social Effects of Industrialization, Essay examples

The Rise and Fall of the Church in Western Civilization free essay sample

This paper discusses the rise and fall of the early church in Western Civilization and asks the question: Could the break up of the church have been prevented? This paper points out that the same factors that brought people to the early church also brought about the Reformation . The author states that as science developed, the church began to fall apart. The author concludes that it is unlikely that the breakup of the church could have been prevented. Table of Contents Key Points to the Church Combination of Church and State The Fall of the Church More Technology, More Choices The Church Would have Fallen Sometime Early Christianity taught that history was important because there were spiritual value placed on the past. Classical humanism did not believe this way, it placed value on being able to reason and put ones talents to use. However, individuals did start churches and worked in these churches by using the talents they had. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise and Fall of the Church in Western Civilization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Descriptive Essay on My Pet

Descriptive Essay on My Pet Descriptive Essay on My Pet My pet is a dog named Tipsy. Tipsy is an adorable brown dog that has a few black spots spread across his body and tail. Tipsy is a kelpie crossed with a border collie, and he has fluffy velvety ears. Even though Tipsy has a very strong body frame, he has a very gentle face and is always a friendly dog to those whom he knows. If a stranger approaches out house, however, Tipsy can get very aggressive. He always barks loudly to attract our attention to the approaching stranger. Tipsy loves many things. Among these is to nuzzle his wet nose in my hands and in the hands on my parents and siblings. He craves attention most of the time because he is scared of being abandoned or ignored. I actually came across Tipsy while he was still a puppy. It appears his owner had abandoned him on the road. I found him wondering in our neighborhood. I informed my parents about the puppy. I wanted to keep him. They communicated with the local authorities so the authorities could allow us to adopt the pet. Tipsy loves food, especially bones. Once we have fed him his regular food, we always give him a few bones on which to chew. Tipsy can actually spend whole afternoons chewing bones because he loves them so much. Whenever Tipsy is worried, he looks at us with desperate eyes that appear like he is sad. He does so while wagging his tail from one side to the other. Whenever we see him exhibiting these signs, we immediately prepare him a quick meal and some bones for him to eat. Tipsy has also made it a habit to play with our cat, Toppy. Sometimes, Tipsy plays with and pours out the cat’s water, something that always leaves the cat giving him a vicious glare. Sometimes, the cat even meows as if to let Tipsy know that he is not very impressed with Tipsy for pouring out his water. Whenever, my dog plays with the cat’s water, I see him lifting his head as some of the cat’s water pours out from his tongue, like the way water drops from a waterfall. Tipsy also likes the chipping sound made by the birds that reside on the trees in our compound. Whenever Tipsy hears these sounds, he raises his ears and points them towards the direction where the chirping sound is originating. One can always observe the way his eyes light up with excitement whenever the birds begin making their soothing noises. My Pet descriptive essay writing tips: Since this is a description essay, one is supposed to describe the unique characteristics of one’s favorite pet which in this case is a dog. Since most dogs have a name, it is prudent that one begins this description by providing the name of the dog followed by the species to which the dog belongs. Once this is done, one can begin describing the things that the dog likes and those that it does not appreciate. For instance in this essay, the writer has described the way the dog loves food and what it does whenever it needs to eat some food. Ready to pay for essay help online? Dont hesitate to contact writing service now!

Business Communication Essay Example

Business Communication Essay Example Business Communication Essay Example It is essential that every country during its development has identified the main sources usage of which can give it competitive advantage in the world market. Thus, it is essential to understand why some product are being principal for one country and do not have such principal status among others, why these products are making the country being the competitive. Thus, the main statement of the current project is to understand what the country’s principal products are. Such research will bring the full understanding of the significance and strategic meaning of the products that are being principal for the particular country. The main limitation of the research is connected with the today’s extensive development of the technologies and particular sphere of business is being the principal for every country around the world. There are also the set of the business that are important for every country and in this basis most of them starting to affect the potential competitor using different strategies, for example, export or import barriers. In order to answer the stated question it is necessary to research the economics of the particular country, analyze its exports and imports, through the data analysis understand what products are being principal for the country. First of all, it is necessary to identify the set of products or services that are being the most valuable through the data analysis. Then, it is necessary to assess the GDP and the part of the GDP that the particular range of products set. Also it is necessary to pay attention why these products are being principal and not others: I. The analysis of the GDP A. The analysis of the GDP exports in 3 year B. The identification and analysis of the principal products of the particular country II. The principal products analysis A. The analysis of the fact why these products are principal for the particular country B. The analysis of the potential products that can become principal for the particular country III. The opportunities country has A. The analysis of significance of these products for other countries B. The analysis of the market trends for the potential products that particular country can offer Visit our custom essay writing service to get professional writing help from experts hired to help students with academic paper writing.

The Terrorist Among Us Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Terrorist Among Us - Research Paper Example The second bombing was outside a building, near an abortion clinic, whichwas believed to have been the prime target in the bombing. His actions did only portray him as a hero to the people in the community who had similar views, but also encouraged some of his followers to commit similar acts (Collett, 2005). To make it worse, a restaurant even came up with the sign saying â€Å"Rudolph eats here† as a way of trying to reach out to more customers who had similar affiliations as Eric Rudolph. At the time of the two bombings, people were not that open to the idea of gay marriage or abortion. As of 1996, gay people and abortion was not a generally accepted fact among the members of the society. After managing to accept the death sentence, Rudolph wrote a over a dozen essays stating is beliefs on abortion and gays. Although a mail bomb is a rather rare occurrence, people need to be on the lookout for any suspicious mail that may arrive at their premises or organizations. In most instances, the return address is normally nonexistent of fictitious. In most cases, if not all, the bomb mails are normally addressed to particular people. The letter bombs always targets individuals Additionally, the bomb mails are usually marked as private. They are normally personal; and addressed a specific person unlike other forms of bombing. Personnel working in organizations need to be able to identify suspicious mail without necessarily opening it. There are various indicators, which may act as a red flag to mail bombs. Alternatively, there are various aspects, which may symbolize or give a clue to mail bombings. Some of the common aspects, which may indicate mail bombs, include excessive weight, attributed to the parcel of package, excessive postage, excessive postage material, unusual odors on the package an d excessive securing the material such as tape. In most cases, most

Information Security Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Security Planning - Essay Example The company needs to be prepared to combat virus attacks, ingress of unsolicited visitors and possible attacks by competitors on the company's information bank. To provide a safe and working repository of information, it is essential that the company has a well planned security policy in place. 2. The information security should be compliant to IS 17799 standards. This would bring about periodic security audits and would also ensure that there is a clear security policy in line with the objectives of the company. 3. To ensure that there is well defined acceptance criterion and milestones for every security measure and that this adhered to. And that these criterion and the mile stones are in line with the cost and budgeting dictated by the management of the company and to develop a comprehensive information security education policy. 4. To ensure that the company is in a state of readiness to combat potential disasters. Prevention and identification of crime, fraud and theft in the work place by ensuring both physical and logical security. A security review or audit is done to identify the existing security, the degree of protection needed, locate the weaknesses in the system and recommend security steps that are needed. This should also throw out information that has to be secured. Out of the list of jobs that need to be done for the security betterment a priority list is to be made in order of importance for security and the tentative cost for effecting the same. Priorities are laid down based on the company objectives and policies that are critical to company targets. In some of the locations, virus attacks could be frequent and these need to be countered on a priority basis may be because they are eating out on the productive time of the employees of the company and data get lost. In some cases, it might be that the data is getting out of the company through physical means in the form of CDs or flash drives. 3 Establish the feasibility of implementing. A comprehensive list of jobs that has to be carried out and their feasibility in the company needs to be established and accordingly 'what-is-possible' list is produced. 4 Identify whether the planned actions will fit into the budget. Based on the priority and the feasibility list the plan is further fine tuned with another constraint namely, the budget. If the budge should allow then the needed actions may be done, else they get pruned. 5 Need for security is to be fixed. Based on all these factors, the needs for the security is finally fixed and then the requirements are made into one single list. 6 Fix the responsibility for implementing. Using this list, it is important that the responsible person for each activity is fixed and the same is implemented through that specific person. 7 Train the people in the company and create a secure culture. In order to ensure that the implemented security measure continues to bear fruit, the employees of

The Difficulties Which International Students Face

The Difficulties Which International Students Face Introduction: This article is about the difficulties which international students face, especially for Asian students, including thinking styles, learning attitudes and writing and presenting styles. In spite of its publication date, it is still helpful for us to understand the international students` situation abroad. In the text, the authors argue all the issues are rooted in traditional culture. In general, the authors` arguments are reasonable, but to some specific cases their views are no longer suitable. The reasons involve the development of education within the approximate twenty years and their limitations of visual views. In this paper, evaluations about every main idea are presented. About the situations which the authors` ideas are not suitable, some suggestions are indicated. As for the applicable arguments, more evidences are provided to back up. Background: In this day and age, quite a few of Asian students go abroad to study. However, there are some typical difficulties they must overcome because of their innate tendency. In Ballard and Clanchy`s research, the innate tendency totally stem from oriental tradition, which is a typical viewpoint in the past. Some subsequent research taken by David Kember and Lyn Gow indicates that the issues result from the curriculum and teaching environment [1]. With the development of the education system in Asian countries, the issues seem to be fade away during recent years. Asian international students become more and more familiar to western culture, and they can cope with the assignment from their lecturer more smoothly. This makes investigations in past time become unsuitable, so some updating surveys are necessary to cover new situations. Summary: The title of the article is â€Å"Cultural Variation: Difficulties for Student Studying Abroad†. It is from a book named â€Å"Study Abroad: A Manual for Asian Students† written by Ballard and Clanchy (1984). In this article, the authors argue three main difficulties that Asian international students face in their studying process. Further, the authors suggest Asian students adjusting their studying style for successful study abroad. The first main idea in the text is about variations of thinking styles. As the authors say, different thinking and learning purposes lead to different results, which stem from varying cultures. A particular example of a Japanese student who adjusted his purpose and adapted his essay structure to meet his lecturer`s requirement is utilized to support the main point. The variation in learning attitudes is argued as the second main idea. In the authors` opinion, different educational traditions create different learning attitudes. Then different learning approaches, including reproductive, analytical and speculative, are presented in particular education levels, although they are not separated totally. The authors quote three Asian students` words and describe an Indonesian postgraduate`s situation to back up their main idea. The other main idea concerns differences in writing and presenting styles. Five distinct writing patterns, including English, Romance, Russian, Semitic and Oriental patterns, are described in the text (Kaplan 66: 1-20). As indicated, a typical example of a Thailand student whose thesis was crossed out by his Australian supervisor suggests that different writing styles differ widely. As the authors` suggestions, a more analytical and critical learning approach is expected for Asian international students to succeed in their study. Critique (general): Generally speaking, the three main difficulties pointed out in this article are reasonable. Although this article was published in 1984, the problems still exist in current international students. The influence stemming from traditional culture is significant, which cannot be eliminated within about twenty years. The thinking and writing styles which are trained during their studying process imperceptibly, still influence international students. Something different, however, has happened in these twenty years. Internationalization has been an unstoppable tendency, for which relationships between countries has become more and more closed. In the trend, education internationalization is a representative one. Compared with the situation in 1984, much more students go abroad to study, especially for students from developing countries. With the number of international students increasing, abroad studying is no longer mysterious or unattainable. Most students who are ready to go abroad can get much useful information from internet and relevant agents. As the result of this, students are relative familiar to the education environment abroad. Additionally, they usually can get experiential knowledge from forthgoers. Thus, they are able to adjust themselves to the expectations of foreigner universities more easily, In addition, a series of language tests and record examinations are developed to ensure that students who are admitted b y foreign universities can survive in another country. Critique (specific): As the statement above, the main ideas argued in this article is still reasonable at present, however, the situation has changed. So to a certain extent, the descriptions in the text are no longer suitable. As the authors` assertion, the variations in thinking styles stemming from traditional cultures, made the Japanese student fail in his first year. Considering the source of variations, it must be true, but this example should be an extreme one. Normally, the thinking style of oriental students is implicative. They always make effort to avoid evaluating topics directly. When they are considering a topic, they usually think over the influence of background firstly. With the introductions of western educational culture, however, most students are likely to compare the views and evaluate the topic, although they may describe the background at first. In Chinese secondary school, many assignments are to conclude the main ideas of prepared texts and evaluate these main ideas from your own viewpoint. Through training like this students obtain the capability to assess the relative merits. So the description as the text presented, only may happen in extreme case. With the increasing of the fam iliarity to western thinking pattern, the similar extreme case should be less likely to happen. About the different learning strategies mentioned in this article, the authors claim that it is needed to develop a more analytical and critical learning style for many Asian students. It should be a believable recommendation at that moment. However, in today`s school, not only universities or colleges, but also secondary schools, it is paid attention to analysis ability. Basically, the teachers and lecturers encourage students to ask questions and think more deeply. In this way, students are required not only to remember the knowledge points, but also to understand how the process is going. In addition, many universities in China establish funds to support undergraduates to take experiments. Then, students who want to do some research in particular fields are encouraged to apply them. In this way, students` speculative capabilities are cultivated. Furthermore, according to relevant research, there is no significant difference between Australian and Asian students [2]. As reported, A sian students are not rote learners. In other words, the reproductive learning strategy is not directed towards Asian students. Then, for Australian students, the best way to learn is also to remember and understand by heart. For these reasons, the authors` assertions about these three learning approaches are not in accordance with facts and suitable to the development of education. Concerning writing styles, the authors cite Robert Kaplan`s theory to explain the varying writing styles successfully. For oriental writers, explaining the issue directly is a blunt way which lacks of ideations. In their views, a better way to express their ideas is to describe the background and the influence factors as implications. The end results should be obtained by readers themselves. As the authors suggest, this indirect writing approach is not suitable to academic thesis in Australian universities. In western scholars` views, the â€Å"relevant descriptions† are not relevant at all. It is a real difference between western and eastern writing skills, while it is unnecessary to discuss which one is more advanced. Expect from the variations between different cultures, the differences between each academic discipline are also mentioned in the text. In this day and age, more and more interdisciplines are developed, for which flexible writing styles are required. Additional ly, as a relatively objective writing style, science and engineering articles should be paid more attention to attract readers. Conclusions: In this paper, in connection with every main point mentioned in the original article, evaluations are provided. Generally speaking, the authors` main ideas are still applicable at present stage, although in this article there are some details should be changed to suit modern education. When the authors are comparing with Asian students` works and Australian lectures` expectations, extreme examples are cited. This is the biggest weakness, because it ignores the general status. Implications of this article are that student who study abroad should learn how to adjust himself to the requirement. References: David Kember, Lyn Gow: A Challenge to Anecdotal Stereotype of the Asian Student, 1991. F. Sushila Niles: Cultural Differences in Learning Motivation and Learning Strategies: A Comparison of Overseas and Australian Students at an Australian University, 1995.

Individual Learning Essay

Work-study Enterprise (WSE), founded in 1994 in Matteson, Illinois offers childcare and early childhood education. WSE believes in developing the whole child and strives to show God’s love to all entering its doors. WSE enrollment is open to kid’s age 2 through 15 and offers a safe and positive environment for all. In addition, the organization offers before and after school programs, to include summer camps. A for-profit organization, WSE seeks to keep enrollment high in order to make child care cost affordable for all in the Chicago land area (Mitchell & Mitchell, Work-study Enterprise, April 4, 2013). SWOT Analysis Balanced Scorecard According to Blocher (2010), the balanced scorecard (BSC) is an accounting report that includes the firm’s critical success factors in four areas: (1) financial performance, (2) customer satisfaction, (3) internal processes, and (4) learning and growth (p.11). The following is a balanced scorecard for Work-study Enterprise Inc. Critical Success Factor Objective Measure Target Initiative Financial performance Increase Income Annual growth of income from specific courses +5% by end of fiscal year 20141 Offer more specific topics of tutoring (algebra, statistics, etc.) Reduce overhead expenses Annual Expenses -10% by end of fiscal year 20142 Explore tax benefits, give philanthropic contributions, and apply for government subsidies Customer satisfaction Retain Current Enrollees Enrollee turnover -10% by end of fiscal year 20143 Improve communication between staff and parents Enroll New Clientele Clientele enrollment count 25 additional contracts by end of fiscal year 20144 Improve marketing campaigns and courses offered to attract new clients Internal Process Increase GPA Number of grading periods to raise letter grade in a particular subject < 6 weeks Implement strict policy and procedure for increasing letter grade/GPA Learning and Growth Improve Tutorial Service through training classes Number of tutors lacking new tutorial training Increase by 50% by end of 2014 Implement a tutorial training program, providing training opportunities each month Discussion of Critical Success Factors (CFSs) CFSs are defined as â€Å"the limited number of areas in which results, if they are satisfactory, will ensure competitive performance for the organization† (Ram & Corkindale, 2014, p.152). Work-study Enterprise (WSE) will be able to deliver quality tutorial services for affordable prices, when the costs and quality of its services are addressed. The implementation of critical success factors will allow WSE to process each success factor into a particular category. Work-study Enterprise, Inc., can accomplish this by focusing on financial and tutorial goals that are in sync  with one another. Work-study Enterprise can achieve this by changing the way in which the company hires tutors. Financial The first CSF is financial performance. Financial performance is important because it measures the profitability and market value which are good indicators of how well the firm satisfies its owners and shareholders (Blocher, 2010, p.11). If a company can increase profits while decreasing its overhead, it will be in a better position to maintain positive profits. Profitability is gained strictly on how well WSE choose each critical success factor. The bottom line is to satisfy the owners. This critical success factor is not mutually exclusive, and depends on the other CFSs to keep Work-study Enterprise Inc doors open for business. Customer Satisfaction The second CSF is customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is important because satisfied customers tend to be loyal and repeat buyers. Measures of quality, service, and low cost, are three good indicators of how well a company satisfies its customer (Blocher, 2010, p.11). The objective here is for WSE to retain current enrollees and enroll new clientele. Current enrollees are the ones that continue to pay the bills (operating expenses), and enrolling new clientele helps increase profits thus assisting the financial CSF. Work-study Enterprise is looking to add online learning because it will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of it program (Cheawjindakarn, Suwannatthachote, & Theeraroungchaisri, 2012, p.61). This can be accomplished by hiring online tutors. A case study found that in order for online-course resources to be used effectively, the CFSs that need to be considered are: human factors pertaining to the instructors; the instructors’ and students’ tec hnical competency; the instructors’ and students’ mindset (about learning); the level of collaboration intrinsic in the course; and the level of perceived IT infrastructure and technical support (Soong, Chan, Chua, & Loh, 2000, p.102). These same CFSs align with WSE success factors. The human factors pertaining to the instructors can be found under financial CSF. The instructors and students technical competency is important in the learning and growth CSF. The instructors and students mindset about learning can be found in the internal process of improving the letter grade or increasing a  student’s GPA in less than 6 weeks. The level of collaboration intrinsic in the course and the level of perceived IT infrastructure and technical support can be found in customer satisfaction critical success factor. Internal Process The third CSF is internal process. WSE internal process is important because it measures efficiency and effectiveness of its services (Blocher, 2010, p.11). Greater efficiency and effectiveness can result in satisfied clients and more business. Raising GPAs and/or letter grades in tutorial services are very important. If a student is failing in a subject or is having a hard time comprehending the way his or teacher instructs, parents generally seek tutorial services. If WSE are able to help students by raising their GPA or letter grade, clients will want to continue with their services. This is why the choice to raise a letter grade in less than 6 weeks is a critical success factor. Learning and Growth The fourth CSF is learning and growth. Learning and growth is important because it can help develop and utilize human resources and strategic goals (Blocher, 2010, p.11). By increasing the learning of the tutors, not only do the tutors become better and more efficient in their services, the parents/students become more satisfied. The addition of a tutorial training program will help with the growth of the tutors and the enterprise (Cherryl Mitchell, Work-study Enterprise, April 4, 2014). Tutoring has become an increasingly effective tool for academic support in the last 25 to 30 years (Holliday, 2012, p.21). This is why many universities and colleges offer tutorial services, however, outcomes may vary depending on the tutor to student interaction. Evaluation of Work-study Enterprise Inc. Financial Reducing the overhead expenses in order to increase higher revenues is the objective for any rationale organization, if not all. This is because every company would like to maximize its profits in the most efficient way while still providing an effective service to its clientele. Work-study’s goal is to increase its profits by 5 percent, and by offering more specific  topics of tutoring such as algebra, statistics, chemistry, etc, the tutorial service is on track. Offering a wider range of courses to tutor will target new customers and offer more services to existing clients thus bringing in more profits for the company. By exploring tax benefits, giving philanthropic contributions, and applying for government subsidies, the company can help reduce overhead. In addition, if the company increases its efficiency in the internal process CSF, a decrease of 10 percent of its overhead can be obtained by year end 2014. The financial CSF appears to be on target at Work-study Enterpr ise, Inc. It may be impossible to eliminate all overhead; however, taking advantage of the aforementioned can minimize some overhead expenses. Customer Satisfaction One objective under the customer satisfaction CFS is to retain current enrollees. A growing body of empirical work supports the fundamental logic that customer satisfaction should positively influence customer retention (Anderson, Fornell, & Mazvancheryl, 2004, p.173). Work-study Enterprise realizes that their customers are the key to their success thus stressing the importance of great communication. Furthermore, satisfied customers are able to make positive recommendations to others. Since its inception in 1995, communication between staff and parents is of the utmost importance to Work-study Enterprise. Through great communication WSE have been able to reiterate special incentives to existing customers, receive feedback about the services rather good or bad, and settle disputes in a prompt manner. Implementing good lines of communication between its staff and parents has allowed WSE to keep clients for as long as the program will permit the child’s age. In 2010, Work-study Enterprises signed a contract with District 162, which allowed WSE to offer its services to all the schools in its district. By securing a contract with District 162, WSE is on track for meeting the objective of adding 25 more contracts. Furthermore, as a result of signing with the district, WSE marketing campaign has opened opportunities for securing more districts. Internal Process Work-study Enterprises Inc. seeks to increase the letter grade or GPA of a student less than 6 weeks. This time starts on the first day a student  meets with a tutor and ends 6 weeks after. Though students receive report cards 4 times a year or every 9 weeks, WSE likes to guarantee 6 weeks to increase a child’s letter grade. If the grade is not increased, the tutors will have an additional 3 weeks to spend more time with the student (s). The implementation of strict policies and procedures for increasing letter grades/GPAs has allowed WSE clients to pass their courses, as well as retain satisfied customers. Learning and Growth In the past, clients of Work-study Enterprise have committed on the disparity in training of its tutors. The majority of the tutors at WSE are high-school and current college students. However, the disparity in training will be rectified by offering a tutorial training each month. The critical success factor seeks to increase to their goal of 50 percent by the end of 2014. The addition of this tutorial program each month has allowed tutors to provide a greater learning opportunity for the students. In addition, WSE is in the process of hiring a new trainer to focus specifically on training tutors. Overall Work-study Enterprise Inc. is on track of achieving each of its critical success factors by the end of 2014. As previously mentioned, critical success factors are interdependent. In other words, all critical success factors must work in tandem in order for Work-study Enterprise Inc. to achieve its strategic goals. The bible tells us â€Å"Faith without works is dead† (James 2 :26 KJV). Just because one prays does not mean that his business will be successful. Business owners must develop a strategy and work that strategy. Work-study Enterprise Inc have been working their strategy for nearly a decade and this is why their company is still going strong. Reference Anderson, E.W., Fornell, C. & Mazvancheryl, S.K. (2004). Customer satisfaction and shareholder value. Journal of Marketing, 68(4). p. 172-185 Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30162024 Blocher, E. J., Stout, D. E., Juras, P.E., & Cokins, G. (2010). Cost Management: A Strategic Emphasis (6th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin Publishing. Cheawjindakarn, B., Suwannatthachote, P., & Theeraroungchaisri, A. (2012). Critical success factors for online distance learning in higher education: A review of the literature. Creative Education, 3, p.61-66. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1353565510?accountid=12085 Holliday, T. (2012). Evaluating the effectiveness of tutoring: an easier way. The Learning Assistance Review17(2). p. 21-32. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA308883380&v=2.1&u=vic_liberty&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=a5e72816293a40e9cba7076990429c51 Ram, J., & Corkindale, D. (2014). How â€Å"critical† are the critical success factors (CFSs)?: Examining the role of CFSs for ERP. Business Process Management Journal, 20(1). p.151-174. Retrieved from 10.1108/BPMJ-11-2012-0127 Soong, M.H., Chan, H.C., Chua, B.C., & Loh, K.F. (2001). Critical success factors for on-line course resources. Computer & Education, 36, p.101-120. Retrieved from http://www.nc12z.com/uploadfile/cms/books/269/ts269019.pdf

Review of Evidence for Erik Eriksons Identity Theory of...

Review of Evidence for Erik Eriksons Identity Theory of Personality Sarah Gruning Wichita State University Review of Evidence for Erik Eriksons Identity Theory of Personality The personality theory that I have chosen to focus on will be Identity Theory. It was developed by Erik Erikson in the nineteen hundreds. Erik Erikson believed that every individual goes through a certain number of stages to reach his or her full development or potential (Erikson, 1994). He theorized that a human being goes through eight different stages ranging from birth to death (Erikson, 1994). Identity Theory focuses on eight psychosocial stages of development, and an epigenetic principle of maturation (Schultz, 2008). The stages of development are†¦show more content†¦role confusion stages range from ages twelve to nineteen and is the stage in life where we explore who we are, who we want to be, and where we are headed in life. The Intimacy vs. isolation stage ranges from ages twenty to thirty-four, and is when we decide whether we are loved by others, feel rejected by others, and if we want to spend life with someone else or alone (Erikson, 1994). The Generati vity vs. stagnation stage ranges from ages thirty-five to sixty-five and is when we ask ourselves if we produced anything of value in our lives, and if not then we find some way to fulfill that desire (Erikson, 1994). Lastly, the Ego integrity vs. despair stage ranges from sixty-five years old until death, and is when we look back on our lives and decide if we made an impact or made a difference while we were on this earth (Schultz, 2008). This theory attempts to explain why individuals who have had a rough or neglectful childhood have trouble adjusting in adult life, or why adolescents who had trouble finding and identity have issues later in life (Erikson, 1994). This theory helps therapists to ask more key questions about developmental stages and how the patient adjusted to each one (Mummendey, 1999). For example, If the patient was not able to establish a healthy identity then the therapist can identify what was in the way of the formation (Mummendey, 1999). Erikson emphasized importance on developing an early sense of trust if we expectShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review On Adolescent Identity Development1141 Words   |  5 PagesAdolescent Identity Development: Suggestion for a LGBTQ Identity Model Introduction The purpose of this literature review is to provide an in depth evaluation of the research on adolescent identity development. Specifically, to examine the limitations and gaps in the literature for LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans*, and Queer) adolescent populations. There are many limitations to using traditional adolescent identity models for LGBTQ youth (Bilodeau Renn, 2005; Talburt, 2004). It is my hopeRead MoreAn Insight Of. 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Gaining Roots Globally In Both Government Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3831 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT: Project finance is increasingly gaining roots globally in both government (public) sector and the private sector. Projects that are project financed are mostly large infrastructure like high-speed rail, electricity generation plants, wind turbine, telecommunication tower and multifaceted infrastructure undertakings. More often than not, majority of project- financed projects are influenced by government. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gaining Roots Globally In Both Government Finance Essay" essay for you Create order This brings to the fore, financing of a project with a flexible cash flow which is usually the concern of the lender (debt provider) who accepts future revenues from a project as a guarantee on a loan. Project finance has an attribute of non-recourse, that notwithstanding, it allow lenders to always look for guarantees mostly from sponsors for effective cash flow that can make up for the debt and also bear risk that they can mitigate. Hence, the need for security as a mechanism of defence for the lender since there is the need for diverse provisions for the cash flow assigned to them, thereby guaranteeing payment of the debt. The paper hereby, looks at the different elements of securitisation; the lenders risks and how elements of security are employed in their mitigation WORD COUNT: In accordance with instructions provided for each course. Footnotes must be included in the word count. PRESENTED TO: MR STEPHEN DOW CONTRACT CONCERNING PLAGIARISM I, the undersigned, have read the Code of Practice regarding plagiarism contained in the Students Introductory Handbook. I realise that this Code governs the way in which the Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy regards and treats the issue of plagiarism. I have understood the Code and in particular I am aware of the consequences, which may follow if I breach that code. I also authorise the centre to scan the e-copy of my research paper through the Plagiarism Detection Software to detect plagiarism SIGNED: ____________________________ Date: Day Month Year TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Project finance is increasingly gaining roots globally in both government (public) sector and the private sector. Projects that are projects financed are mostly large infrastructure like high-speed rail, electricity generation plants, wind turbines, telecommunication towers and multifaceted infrastructure undertakings with majority of them influenced by government. This brings to the fore, financing of a project with a flexible cash flow which is usually the concern of the lender (debt provider) who accepts future revenue from a project as a guarantee on a loan. Project finance has an attribute of non-recourse, that notwithstanding, lenders usually look for guarantees mostly from sponsors (companies, partnerships or joint ventures or the host government represented by a government agency or state owned entity) for effective cash flow that can make up for the debt and also bear risk that they can mitigate. Lenders who provide the principal are very crucial and would not come on board unless there is mitigation and allocation of risks and security to ensure the debt recovery. Although the security sought for will not escalate the proficiency of the project and does not guarantee certainty of repayment, however, it ensures that if something goes wrong, lenders do not lose everything. Lenders mostly take some amount of credit risk on the project, thus to determine the practicality of the project. They consider that it is technically feasible and that its commercial forecasts so they can evaluate the available risks and design a sponsoring structure that will allocate those risks. By this, lenders give room for due diligence. Chapter one ponders on the concept of project finance and the concept of security involved in project finance. Chapter two highlights the elements of securitisation in project finance which is not too extensive an option available for debt recovery. Chapter three briefly assesses the various risks which a lender may be exposed to and attempts t o identify how security measures are opted to mitigate such risks. Chapter 4 concludes the paper by echoing some salient points about security in project finance. An analytical approach will be employed in the deliberation of these issues. The concept of Project Finance The concept of project finance cannot be discussed without an attempt to define project finance and its basic principles. From it unset, project finance is a method of financing where the lender accepts future revenues from a project as a guarantee on a loan. Contrary to this is the traditional method of financing whereby the borrower assigns to the lender a physical or monetary unit (collateral) in the case of default. Practically, most projects are financed by a combination of both traditional methods as well as by guarantee-backed loans. By implication, project finance is suggestive by its name in that, it refers to raising capital by any means to pay for any project. This however refers to a narrow but increasingly more prevailing method of financing capital- and risk-intensive projects across a broad array of industries. Many learned scholars have attempted defining project finance with some of these definitions worth citing. A financing of a particular economic unit in which a lender is satisfied to look initially to the cash flows and earnings of that economic unit as the source of funds from which a loan will be repaid and to the assets of the economic unit as collateral for the loan.[1] From the above definition, it can be deduced that, the definition is informative since project finance is project specific meaning that, it focuses on the financing of a specific project which can mean anything subject to what the parties define it to be. Moreover, a critical consideration to the word initially in the definition above reveals that, security as collateral is only subordinate to the debt repayment via the cash flow of the project. When project finance becomes non-recourse to the sponsor, it brings to bear a limited impact on the solvency of the sponsor which aims at arranging to borrow for a project which will profit the sponsor at large.[2] However, oil projects that involves major multinational companies which are financed majorly from the balance sheet of the sponsor normally allows the dispersal of the risk involved from the sponsor to other parties.[3] The deregulation of worldwide utilities and the privatisation of public sector capital investment have giving rise to the recent project financed projects in both developed countries and developing countries. For instance, in 2010 India became the utmost dynamic project-finance market with over $52 billion worth of deals, coming from 131 loans. Spain was second with 67 loans for a total of $174 billion and Australia in the third place with 32 loans worth $14.6 billion.[4]This is to underscore that public sector infrastructure that can take the form of natural resources projects like (gas, mining and oil), independent power projects (IPPs), mainly for power generation in the electricity sector like Sunon Asogli power plant of Ghana, public infrastructure (transport, roads, public buildings, etc.) for example Ghanas millennium challenge account (MCA) will be on the increase to benefit the people. Categorically, divergent financing mechanisms could be put in place for different project in project finance; conversely, basic features applicable to them all have been identified: There is in place a special-purpose vehicle SPV or Project Company whose only business is borrowing for a particular project to achieve the limited goals of construction and operation of the project. Project finance is normally used in financing new projects unlike existing projects, however, there could be financing loans for existing projects. Project finance is normally non-recourse to the sponsor and no guarantee is needed for the project debt. Lenders always look out for the cash flow that will be generated from the project for the recovery of the loan rather than the asset of the project. In terms of a default on repayment, the SPV becomes the main security available to the lender for the recovery of the loan due to the ownership right to resource, awarding of contracts and licences of the SPV.[5] From the above features, point (V) can be said to be the nub of this paper which is to state that in project finance, lenders only look out for the assets of the project for securitisation of the loan and to have full control over the asset which is being financed. The primary objective of security in project finance is to safeguard the debt which is usually the larger share of the financing structure but which doesnt yield higher returns if the project has an upside.[6] Security over the project is widely ranged and differs from project to project. A commentators view is that the lenders security is in four stages; Control over the cash flow of the project. The ability of the lender to step-in to project administration under direct agreements. Guaranteeing and assignment of SPVs assets and major agreements and contracts. Security over company shares. The Concept of Non-Recourse There are two basic types of recourse project financing: limited recourse project financing and nonrecourse project financing. Limited recourse gives the lenders some recourse to the sponsor in the form of the pre-completion guarantees or/and other assurances of some form of support for the project. Limited recourse project financing is typical for emerging market projects and projects posing significant risks. Nonrecourse project financing is an arrangement under which lenders do not have any direct recourse to the sponsors. Their security includes various assets of the project company (including the assets being financed) and relies on the operating cash flow generated by the project company. There is the possibility of a default on the payment of a term of a loan. Normally when it does happen, lenders fall back on the borrowers assets for the recovery of the advanced loan. Ideally, in project finance the loan is normally non-recourse to the sponsors; thus the loan is repaid only f rom the cash flow generated by the project with the sponsors providing no guarantees to the lenders. The concept of non-recourse project financing thus implies that the sponsors assets for the debt recovery is of no recourse to the project company, however, lenders might have recourse to the projects assets. Thus, lenders will look out for the credibility of sponsors in terms of security of the capital involved by recouping the debt as projected regardless of the completion of the project. This is opposed to traditional lender/borrower relationship like corporate financing whereby lenders normally secure the repayment of loan by demanding on some form of collateral or security which most often might not be necessarily the same as the value of the loan. This brings to the fore, the notion of project finance relying on the viability of a project rather than the credit value of the sponsor which in theory gives the project sponsor no direct legal obligations to reimburse the project debt and pay for interest. 2: ELEMENTS OF SECURITISATION IN PROJECT FINANCE The main aim of security is to safeguard the debt which most scholars believe its role in project finance is defensive and do not offer the lenders the right to actualise on the assets as they would in conventional secured finance. Lenders are mostly fascinated about the operators demonstrated aptitude in project finance since the repayment of the loan rely heavily on the achievement of the operator rather than the value of the project assets.[7] Lenders in most cases take aggressive security over assets they have financed just to ensure that they are able to sell off the asset in question on an execution of its security. This notwithstanding is not the ultimate goal for lenders in taking the security; instead, the aim of lenders to achieve their security goal is in two stances. Firstly, they look out for security with an eye on a complete security package that gears towards a defensive mechanism which aims at preventing other creditors taking security over the assets they have financed and also to avert other creditors who might try to rely on those assets. Secondly, the other stance for which lenders would want to take up security is for the sole aim of controlling the future of the project should a default occur so they can complete the project thereby operating it in order to generate the cash flow needed for the repayment of the loan. The lenders ability to achieve this aim is however dependant on the jurisdiction in whi ch the principal project assets are located. A table that illustrates the elements of a project finance security package is shown hereunder: Table1. Typical Elements of a Security Package[8] PROJECT ASSETS AND CASH FLOWS SPONSORS OTHER SOURCES Mortgage on project assets Pre completion guarantee Entitlement payments related to government concessions( for example the assignment of compensation due if concession is terminated early) Offtake agreements to ensure output demand (quantity and price) Project funds agreement; other financial support: subordinated loans in case of shortfall of project cash flows Letter of credit Supply agreements Construction and operation supports: arrange turnkey construction contract, supply key managers, arrange management contract Political risk insurance Assignment of receivables Financial Covenants Pledge of shares Escrow accounts to receive project revenues: onshore and offshore, local and foreign currency Assignment of insurance Payments 2.1 The Escrow Account The escrow account is said to be an account held in the name of the SPV or borrower by a bank with an escrow account agreement between the lender and borrower which gives rise to an immutable instructions from the borrower with a binding effect that all operational revenue or proceeds from the sale of assets of the project will be paid into this account.[9]Lenders tend to use the escrow account as a measure of control over the project revenues and also use the funds accrued for the settlement of the project expenses and also for the repayment of the loan. If a project cash flow is insufficient to settle the payment of the debt, lenders can also call for the setting up of an escrow account so that a trustee can withdraw from the escrow fund to service the debt.[10]A trustee can hold the trust on behalf of all creditors to avoid creating a separate trust for separate creditors and also introduce new creditors by means of a pre-agreed deed of accession.[11]However the escrow account when used to mitigate foreign currency risks helps to fulfil contractual responsibilities.[12] There are some key features of an escrow account that serve as security in project finance. Some of these features have been identified; It allows for the use of hard currency project revenue to pay for hard currency project debt. It is normally held offshore in a jurisdiction (country) where there is low foreign currency exchange convertibility and transfer risk. The escrow account forms part of the lenders security package as the cashflow is the principal concern of lenders. Normally the government of the host country requires approval for the creation and operation of the escrow mechanism.[13] 2.2 Assignment of Project Agreements and Other profits There is yet another measure that works to reinforce the security package which involves the assignment of rights under the key contracts of the project that serves as concretisation of (off-take contract, concession, construction contracts, etc.) security for the lender which is more prevalent under the operational stage of the project.[14]This process which could be called Direct Agreements have the aim of allowing the lender to take the place of the SPV should there be a default in the loan repayment by subjecting the borrowers privileges under the underwritten contract. Project receivables and agreements assignment has also been discoursed to enable creditors regulate project funds should the project encounter any challenge.[15] 3: HOW SECURITY MITIGATES LENDERS RISK 3.1 Lenders Risks Assessment and how they are mitigated by Securitisation Every discreet lender will resort to the method of project risk analysis when presented with a project finance proposal. This will enable the lender to come in terms with the scope, rationale and the objectives of the project at hand to be sure that they are flawless and feasible. In the same vain, the assessments of potential risks are measured on the same scale. Lenders have various reasons why they would want to advance funds for various projects. Some of these reasons include; profiting through attractive lending margins and other fees, the assumption of measured risk, to control credit agreements and the project as a whole in time of difficulties. This next section will discuss the assessment of a lenders risks and the elements of security which can be employed to mitigate them. Political Risks[16] These are inevitable and very much intrinsic in business which affects all stages of various projects right from the very beginning to the very end. This brings to the fore an evaluation difficulty with the utmost of it being expropriation by the government.[17]The tendency of existing political order collapsing, new taxations, exchange transfer restrictions, and nationalisation more often than not, put projects of both borrowers and lenders alike in jeopardy.[18]Not all, political risks such as war, civil unrest, default or failure of government agencies, changes in law and delays by governmental bodies to grant necessary approvals or licences for the project or components thereof can be a major concern to lenders. As if this is not enough, the ability of the host government to expropriate properties in return for relative compensation for the sole aim of public interest is a source of concern to the lender. This risk can hereby be mitigated by insurance against political risks and assurances against expropriation with a guarantee that proper compensation will be payable in that event. This risk can further be mitigated by a requirement of the host government to stand in as full guarantor of all the debt.[19]Lastly, it can be mitigated by participation of partners like the World Bank and multinational organizations (like MIGA, which has a special political insurance service) providing insurance in a traditional sense, in addition to issuing performance bonds that guarantee completion. Completion Risk The lender is faced with this risk when there is the difficulty of completing the project at hand. This goes a long way to affect the full operation capacity of the project as scheduled both on time frame and as budgeted.[20]This can be mitigated by the lenders looking to the sponsor for completion guarantees in order to ensure that they can make up for the cost involved. Environmental Risk Controversies that arise from environmental law as results of environmental pollution emanating from activities of project are inescapable to lenders. In mitigating this risk, there will be the need for the borrower to carry out social and environmental impact assessment plan. A laid down plan to monitor and manage this risks will equally be required. The need for lenders to abide by this management plan is crucial for the loan as non-compliance will be deemed as a default on the term of the loan. Force Majeure risk: Project finance has a high potential for vulnerabilities in that, force nature risks such as earthquakes, floods, strikes, civil disturbances and change of law can interrupt a projects operations and confound its cashflow. A particular force majeure can bring about a default depending on the sternness of the particular accident. It will therefore be prudent if an analysis of force majeure events that could hamper the projects progress be discussed. This can be mitigated by assigning the necessary insurances coverage for any eventuality as well as bring to bear the timely payment of insurances by the insurance companies. Market/Price Risk This type of risk involves fluctuation of price which has an adverse impact on the project revenue as well as the debt settlement. There is the need for the lender to put in place a price projection for long term contract for the sale of the projects product. The projects viability depends on this. To mitigate this risk, there should be in place long-term sales contracts for the product and a market guarantee agreement for the product should also be in place.[21]Mitigations like price hedging and derivatives could also be useful. These are but just a few of a lenders risk and how they are mitigated. 4: Conclusion The objective of the paper was to deliberate on the concept of project finance, its securitisation elements and how the various risks of lenders are mitigated. The paper employed analytical approach which gives it a safe landing on the grounds that; Securitisation is the back bone of project finance since lenders will not advance funds to project without repayment assurances. Security for the debt repayment can be in divergent means in as long as it is deemed fit for a particular project for the security of the debt at hand. Mitigation and securitisation are the only means by which a lender will assume risks. In conclusion, the more prevailing security measures in a particular project mitigate more risks and this is the bedrock on which lenders would lend to a project. BIBIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Judicial Decisions Re Bond Worth [1980] 1 Ch.228 at 248. Books Nevitt, P.K., and Fabozzi, F.J., Project Financing (7th Ed.)(London, UK: Euro money, 2000). Yescombe, E.R., Principles of Project Finance (London, UK: Academic Press, 2002) 5. Vinter, G., Project Finance: A Legal Guide (2nd Ed.) (London, UK: Sweet Maxwell, 1998). Ahmed, P.A., and Fang, X., Project Finance in Developing Countries: IFC Lessons of Experience No.7 (World Bank Publications, 1999). Clifford Chance (Law firm), Project Finance (London, England: IFR Publishing, 1994). Hoffman, S. L. The Law and Business of International Project Finance (The Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 1998). Articles Esty, B.C., and Megginson, W.L., Creditor Rights, Enforcement, and Debt Ownership Structure: Evidence From the Global Syndicated Loan Market, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 38, No. 1, (2003) Internet Sources Cadwalader, Wickersham Taft (law firm) Moving towards Hybrid Project Financing at https://www.cadwalader.com/assets/client_friend/110104HybridProjFin.pdf (last visited on 26/12/12). Islamic Development Bank, Risk Management guidelines for project finance, Group Risk Management Department,Muharram,1431/January 2010 (last visited on 20/12/12) https://www.ecosn.org/Portals/0/Workshops/PRM/11-Annex-XI-IDB_Project_Risk_Management Guidelines. Others Dow, S., Presentation for lecture 2 of International Project Finance Module at the CEPMLP, University of Dundee, (2012) Achonwa, J.,what are the elements of security in project finance and how does it limit the lenders exposure to project risks? (Unpublished LLM Dissertation Submitted to the CEPMLP, University of Dundee, 2009). Adesokan, A., Addressing Legal Issues Regarding Lender Protection and the Treatment of Security at the Completion Stage (Unpublished LLM Dissertation Submitted to the CEPMLP, University of Dundee, 2008). Omenuko, L., How can the Risks Associated with the Exploration and Production of Oil and Gas be Mitigated for the Purpose of Securing Finance (Unpublished LLM Dissertation Submitted to the CEPMLP, University of Dundee, 2007). Smith, V., Escrow Accounts in Project Financing Material on VLE, International Project Finance Folder, CEPMLP, University of Dundee (2012).